ASSOCIATION OF PERIODONTITIS AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS IN PATIENTS VISITING KHYBER COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY: A CASE CONTROL STUDY

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the association between periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among adult patients visiting the outpatient department of Khyber College of Dentistry (KCD), Peshawar, and to investigate the relationship between glycemic control, duration, and intensity of periodontitis.

Methodology: This case-control study was carried out at Khyber College of Dentistry (KCD) KCD, Peshawar, from November 2024 to January 2025. The study sample consisted of 100 participants, which included 50 patients diagnosed with periodontitis. (cases) and 50 non-periodontitis individuals (controls), aged >=30 years. Periodontal examination was performed to assess probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL) of the index teeth. Glycemic control was evaluated using fasting blood glucose levels and HbA1c levels. Analysis was performed by SPSS (22). Logistic regression was applied to assess the association between periodontal parameters & T2DM, controlling for age, gender, and brushing frequency as confounders.

Results: Periodontitis cases exhibited a significantly higher frequency of T2DM than non-periodontitis controls (p < 0.001). A significant positive relationship was observed between increasing HbA1c levels and periodontal destruction. Participants with poor glycemic control (HbA1c >= 8%) had markedly higher PPD and CAL values than those with better glycemic control. Participants with poor glycemic control (HbA1c >= 8%) had markedly higher PPD and CAL values than those with better glycemic control. Furthermore, a longer disease duration of diabetes mellitus (>=10 years) was associated with more severe periodontal breakdown. Analysis using logistic regression indicated that T2DM was statistically significantly associated with periodontitis. An adjusted odds ratio of 2.45 with a 95% confidence interval ranging from 1.28 to 4.70.

Conclusion: The present study confirms a statistically significant relationship between periodontitis and T2DM; periodontal damage was greater with poor glycemic control and longer disease duration. These findings highlight the need for integrated oral and systemic healthcare approaches in periodontal management among diabetic patients.